Saving Payroll and AMT Tax Liabilities

 

Internal Revenue Code Section 41 Research credit (“R&D Credit”) was enacted to incentivize and stimulate research and development in the United States.   Such credit provided little or no immediate cash tax savings for many businesses, because of their loss position and the limitation applied in using the credit to offset AMT taxes.  The credit was allowed against regular taxes, so many start-up businesses with no current tax liabilities could not have used to monetize the credit.   However, the Protecting American from Tax Hikes (PATH) Act allows certain small businesses to offset their AMT or payroll tax liabilities with R&D Credit effective tax year beginning after December 31, 2015.  Therefore, businesses in a loss position or AMT position may now monetize the credit that otherwise would not have been utilized.

 

Offsetting FICA Tax Liability

Qualifying Small Businesses (“QSB”) may elect to use their R&D Credit against Federal Insurance Contribution Act (referred to FICA) payroll tax liability for up to five tax years.  The usage is limited to the smallest of (1) $250,000; (2) amount of R&D credit for the tax year; or (3) the amount of credit carryforwards from the electing tax year.

The election must be made on form 6765, Credit for Increasing Research Activities, on a timely filed return (including extended return).  The election could also be made on an amended return by following the procedures provided in the Notice 2017-23.  The credit would be allowed against employer portion of FICA tax on its quarterly payroll tax returns filed beginning after it make such election.

A QSB is defined under IRC Section 41(h)(3) as partnership, corporation, or person with gross receipts of less than $5 million for the current year and no gross receipts for any tax year preceding the five tax year period ending with the current tax year.  In other words, if a taxpayer had gross receipt less than $5 million in 2016 and had no gross receipts prior to 2012, the taxpayer is a QSB qualifying for said election.

 

Offsetting AMT

An Eligible Small Business (“ESB”) in an AMT position may use R&D Credit to offset AMT liabilities.  An ESB is defined under IRC Section 38(c)(5)(C) as an individual, partnership, non-public corporation with average gross receipts less than $50 million for the preceding three tax years.  No special election is required to use the credit against AMT liabilities.

Often times, taxpayers using net operating loss carryforwards are subject to AMT mainly because the usage of AMT NOL is limited of 90% of AMT taxable income.  And the R&D Credit was not available to use against AMT.  However, effective tax years beginning on or after January 1, 2016, ESBs are allowed to use the credit to offset AMT

 

Takeaway

Businesses in loss or AMT position can now use otherwise unusable R&D Credit to offset payroll and/or AMT taxes and immediately monetize the benefit.  Therefore, if you believe your business meet the definition of QSB or ESB and have research activities, you should consult with your tax advisor regarding the potential benefit.