President Joe Biden released his annual budget Thursday, outlining his policy priorities for the year ahead. Biden's FY 2024 budget proposes to increase taxes for corporations and individuals with incomes above $400,000 as part of a plan intended to reduce federal budget deficits. Specifically, the budget proposes to increase the US corporate income tax rate from 21% to 28%, and to raise the tax rate on the foreign earnings of US multinational corporations from 10.5% to 21% while adopting an undertaxed profits rule.

For individuals, the budget proposes measures including increasing the top individual ordinary income tax rate from 37% to 39.6%, taxing capital gains income for high earners at ordinary rates, and imposing a 25% "minimum income tax on the wealthiest taxpayers." The budget also calls for higher Medicare health insurance taxes for individuals with incomes above $400,000 as part of a plan that seeks to avert the projected insolvency by 2028 of the Medicare hospital insurance trust fund.

President Biden's proposal seeks to increase revenue and reduce spending in order to put the federal government on a more sustainable fiscal path. However, given Republican control of the House of Representatives, it is unlikely that these proposals will be enacted without bipartisan support.

Question:  why not reduce wasteful government spending instead of increasing taxes?

The IRS released IR-2023-33 (the “Notice”) providing a tax relief for taxpayers who live in disaster areas in Alabama, California, and Georgia postponing the due date of 2022 income tax returns for individuals, various businesses and tax-exempt entities until October 16, 2023.  The relief also includes postponing the due of the fourth quart of 2022 estimated tax payment, the first through third quarter of 2023 estimated tax payments, and quarterly payroll and excise tax returns normally due on January 31, April 30, and July 31 until October 16, 2023.

The IRS automatically provides filing and penalty relief to any taxpayer in the disaster area.  If an affected taxpayer receives a late filing or late payment penalty notice from the IRS for the related returns and payments, the taxpayer can call the number on the Notice to have the penalty abated.

Additionally, individuals and businesses in a federally declared area who suffered uninsured or unreimbursed disaster-related losses can choose to claim them on either the return for the year of loss or 2022 tax return.

The official announcement of the IRS tax relief for disaster are taxpayer can be bound in the below link:

IRS: May 15 tax deadline extended to Oct. 16 for disaster area taxpayers in California, Alabama and Georgia | Internal Revenue Service

Taxpayers who live in the affected areas should check the Notice and consult with a tax advisor for more information.

The Superfund excise tax is imposed by section 4661 of the Internal Revenue Code (IRC) on the sale or use of certain chemicals and petroleum products. The tax is designed to fund the cleanup of hazardous waste sites under the Superfund program.

If a US company has a maquiladora subsidiary (a manufacturing operation in Mexico that is owned and operated by a foreign company), it may still be subject to the Superfund excise tax if it produces or uses certain chemicals and petroleum products that are subject to the tax.

Section 4672 of the IRC provides that the Superfund excise tax is imposed on the sale or use of taxable chemicals and petroleum products by the manufacturer, producer, or importer of the products. Therefore, if the US company or its maquiladora subsidiary is the manufacturer, producer, or importer of the taxable chemicals and petroleum products, it may be subject to the Superfund excise tax.

It's important to note that the Superfund excise tax applies to specific chemicals and petroleum products that are listed in the IRC. The list includes a range of chemicals and petroleum products, such as crude oil, gasoline, diesel fuel, and certain chemicals used in manufacturing processes.

If you believe your company may be subject to the Superfund excise tax, it's best to consult with a tax professional who can provide guidance specific to your situation.

Under revised IRC Section 174, R&E expenses incurred in tax years beginning after December 31, 2021 must be capitalized and amortized over 5 years (or 15 years if the research is performed outside of the United States).  A taxpayer’s change in treatment of R&E expenses is a change in method of accounting requiring the Commissioner’s consent.  However, Rev. Proc. 2023-8 provides automatic consent for the change and a streamlined procedure if the accounting method change is made for the first effective year.  Taxpayers making a change for the tax year following the first effective year will not be entitled to the streamlined procedure and an audit protection is not provided.

Taxpayers making the change in the first effective tax year must use cut-off method to apply the new method and provide statement providing required information per the Rev. Proc. 2023-8, including:

(A) the name and employer identification number or social security number, as applicable, of the applicant that has paid or incurred specified research or experimental expenditures after December 31, 2021;

(B) the beginning and ending dates of the first taxable year in which the change to the required § 174 method takes effect for the applicant (year of change);

(C) the designated automatic accounting method change number for this change (DCN 265);

(D) a description of the type of expenditures included as specified research or experimental expenditures;

(E) the amount of specified research or experimental expenditures paid or incurred by the applicant during the year of change; and

(F) a declaration that the applicant is changing the method of accounting for specified research or experimental expenditures to capitalize such expenditures to a specified research or experimental capital account, and amortize such amount over either a 5-year period for domestic research or 15-year period for foreign research (as applicable) beginning with the mid-point of the taxable year in which such expenditures are paid or incurred in accordance with the method permitted under § 174 for the year of change. Also, the declaration must state that the applicant is making the change on a cut-off basis.

Social Security Taxable Income Increase

In 2023, individuals will be subject to Social Security tax on employment earnings up to $160,200 annually.  The amount, an increase from $147,000 in 2022, I the wage base limit that subjects to earnings subject to OASDI tax.  The employee and the employers each will pay up to $9,932 of Social Security tax in 2023.

Per Diem Rate Increase

IRS issued Notice 2022-44 increasing special per diem rates by which taxpayers may substantiate ordinary and necessary business expenses of travel away from home, which is effective October 1, 2022.   The rate for travel to high-cost localities within the continental United States is $297.  The rate for travel to non-high-cost localities will be $204.  The portion of the rates treated as paid for meals for purpose of IRC section 274(n) is $74 and $64 for high-cost localities and all other localities, respectively.   2022-2023 Special Per Diem Rates (irs.gov)

FinCEN Reporting For Beneficial Ownership Information

Treasury Department issued final regulations requiring certain entities to file with FinCEN reports that identify the beneficial owners of the entity.  Under the final regulations, a beneficial owner includes any individual who, directly or indirectly, either exercise substantial control over a reporting company, or owns or controls at least 25% of the ownership interests of the a reporting company.

The final regulations provide technical definition of the terms “substantial control” and “ownership interest.”  Taxpayers should consult with their tax advisors to understand the nature and breath of their potential reporting obligations per the final regulations.

A broad range of tax and information returns for 2019 and 2020 tax years will receive automatic relief from failure-to-file penalties, under Notice 2022-36 released by the IRS. The estimated 1.6 million taxpayers who have already paid these penalties will automatically receive an estimated $1.2 billion in refunds or credits. Taxpayers do not need to request this relief, and the IRS said it will pay most of the refunds or apply credits by the end of next month. However, any return still unfiled for the two tax years must be filed by Sept. 30, 2022, to be eligible for the relief.

Tax returns eligible for the relief include specified returns in the Form 1040, 1041, and 1120 series. Also eligible are Form 1066, U.S. Real Estate Mortgage Investment Conduit (REMIC) Income Tax Return; Form 990-PF, Return of Private Foundation or Section 4947(a)(1) Trust Treated as Private Foundation; and Form 990-T, Exempt Organization Business Income Tax Return (and Proxy Tax Under Section 6033(e). In addition, Form 1065, U.S. Return of Partnership Income, and Form 1120-S, U.S. Income Tax Return for an S Corporation, may have penalties forgiven for failure to timely file and for failure to show required information.

The notice also covers certain international information returns, such as Form 5471, Information Return of U.S. Persons With Respect to Certain Foreign Corporations, and Form 5472, Information Return of a 25% Foreign-Owned U.S. Corporation or a Foreign Corporation Engaged in a U.S. Trade or Business, attached only to Forms 1065 and 1120. However, it does not provide relief for taxpayers filing returns with certain international information returns, e.g., Form 5471, attached to returns other than Forms 1065 and 1120, such as Form 1040 or 1041.

Please see the Notice 2022-36 for further detail.

The US Senate passed a Democrat proposed bill, called the Inflation Reduction Act (the “Act”).   The Act will head to Democratic controlled House for a vote and is expected to be enacted into law.  Contrary to the name of the Act, it includes provision for a massive spending on investments into green energy and Medicare.  There are two notable provisions included in the Act that may have an impact to multinational corporations:

IRS Expansion

The Act allots $80 billion additional funding for the IRS over 10 years and the majority of the fund will be used to hire 87,000 new agents to improve tax enforcement.    The government believes there is an estimated $1 trillion leakage in tax collections every year.  The Democrats projects that enhancing IRS funding would add an extra $127 billion in federal revenue over the next decade by hiring more tax enforcers to limit tax evasions by taxpayers.

Businesses can expect an increased risk of audit selection and enforcement effort by IRS.

Alternative minimum tax on corporate book income

The Act includes the new alternative minimum tax on corporate book income (“AMT”) imposing a 15% minimum tax on “applicable financial statement income” for an “applicable corporation” effective for tax years beginning after December 31, 2022.

“Applicable financial statement income” generally is a financial statement income computed based GAAP or IFRS, reported to the SEC, or otherwise used for reporting to shareholders or credit purposes.

An “applicable corporation” is a C-corporation with a three-year average of adjusted financial statement income of $1 billion or more.  A corporation that is a member of an international financial reporting group with a foreign parent must include the financial income of all foreign members of the group in applying the $1 billion test, but is an applicable corporation only if its three-year average financial income of US members and foreign subsidiaries of US members, exceed $100 million.  IRC section 52(a) or (b) applies in determining aggregation rule.

Multinational corporation with a foreign parent should consult with their tax service advisor for the application and the potential impact in advance.

바이든 대통령은 새로운 투자와 세액 공제를 통해 마이크로칩과 다른 반도체 재료와 장치의 국내 생산을 늘리도록 장려하는 법안을 통과시켰다.
'미국의 반도체 생산에 도움이 되는 인센티브 창출법'의 줄임말인 CHIPS 법안은 반도체 제조와 연구를 위한 보조금 540억 달러와 지역 기술 거점을 지원하기 위한 수백억 달러를 2026년까지 반도체 제조 투자에 대해 25%의 세액 공제를 제공한다.
적격 납세자는 해당 공제 금액은 세금에 대한 payment로 취급할 수 있으며, 공제 금액은 특정 규칙을 에 따라 결정된다. 적격 납세자는 "foreign entity of concern "으로 지정되지 않은 자로, foreign entity of concern 이란 일반적으로 이전의 국방법에 따라 특정 외국 안보 위협으로 간주되거나 미국의 국가 안보 또는 외교 정책에 불리한 행정적 판결을 받은 자이다.
적격재산은 (1) 감가상각 또는 상각이 허용되는 유형재산으로 (2) 납세자가 건설, 재건축하거나 원래 재산의 사용을 개시하는 경우 (3) 첨단 제조 시설의 운영에 필수적인 재산 등이다. 또한, 적격 자산은 건물의 구성 요소의 일부를 포함할 수 있다. 첨단 제조 시설은 반도체나 반도체 제조 장비를 제조하는 주요 목적을 가진 시설이다. 더 자세한 내용은 밑의 링크를 통해 Journal of Accountancy 에 실린 기사를 통해 확인하기 바란다.

https://www.journalofaccountancy.com/news/2022/jul/senate-passes-chips-act-semiconductor-tax-credit.html

Biden signed into CHIPS Act to encourage greater domestic production of microchips and other semiconductor materials and devices, in part through a new investment tax credit.

The CHIPS bill, short for Creating Helpful Incentives to Produce Semiconductors for America Act, would provide $54 billion in grants for semiconductor manufacturing and research, tens of billions to support regional technology hubs and a tax credit covering 25% of investments in semiconductor manufacturing through 2026.

Eligible taxpayers could elect to treat the credit as a payment against tax and the credit provision includes various special rules. Eligible taxpayers are those not designated a "foreign entity of concern" broadly, certain deemed foreign security threats under a previous defense authorization act or whose conduct is administratively ruled detrimental to U.S. national security or foreign policy.

Qualified property is tangible property with respect to which (1) depreciation or amortization is allowable; which is (2) constructed, reconstructed, or erected by the taxpayer or acquired by the taxpayer if the original use of the property commences by the taxpayer; and (3) is integral to the operation of the advanced manufacturing facility. Qualified property can also include a building or portion of one or certain structural components of it. An advanced manufacturing facility is one with a primary purpose of manufacturing semiconductors or semiconductor manufacturing equipment.

Please see the article published by Journal of Accountancy for further detail (a link provided below).

https://www.journalofaccountancy.com/news/2022/jul/senate-passes-chips-act-semiconductor-tax-credit.html 

파트너십에서 과세 연도 안에 새로운 파트너가 영입되거나 현재의 파트너가 지분을 처리하는 경우, 연방 소득세 규정에 의하면, 파트너들은 떠나는 파트너와 남아 있는 파트너들 사이의 Partnership income 을 할당하는 데 사용할 방법을 선택할 수 있다. 파트너십 운영 계약은 일반적으로 한 가지 특정한 방법을 사용하도록 규정한다. 다만, 파트너 간의 합의에 따라 사례별로 Partnership income할당에 사용할 방법을 선택할 수 있다. 다음은 파트너십에서 사용 가능한 할당 방법들이다.

 1. Proration Method (비례 할당 방법)

Proration method에 따르면, 떠나는 파트너의 연간 법인세 항목에서 차지하는 비중은 그 해의 전체 비율을 기준으로 결정된다. 예를 들어, 10%의 손익 분배를 가진 파트너는 당해 연도의 6월 30일에 퇴사한다고 가정했을때, 떠나는 파트너가 세금 연도의 절반(12개 중 6개월) 동안 있었기 때문에 해당 연도의 모든 파트너의 세금 항목의 5%(10% 곱하기 1/2)가 할당된다.

그러나, 수입 분배가 고르지 않을 경우 Proration method를 적용하는 것이 적합하지 않을 수 있다. 예를 들어, 회사가 하반기에 총수입의 80%를 창출하고 상당한 자본 이익을 만들었다면, 이는 떠나는 파트너에게 과세 소득이 과다하게 배분되기 때문에 공평하지 않을것이다.

 2. Interim Closing of the Books Method (중간 장부 마감 방법)

파트너십에서 파트너가 떠나는 시점에 중간 장부의 마감 작업을 수행할 수 있다. 다시 말해, 파트너십의 장부는 종료일에 마감되며, 과세연도 시작부터 종료까지의 조세 항목은 합산된다. 그러므로, 떠나는 파트너에게 해당 금액에 대해서만 일반적인 손익 분배 비율로 세금이 할당된다.  파트너는 떠난 이후 기간 동안의 조세 항목에 대해서는 0%를 할당받는다.

예를 들어, 회사가 하반기에 수입의 80%를 벌고 연말에 큰 자본 이익을 얻는다고 가정 한다면, Interim Closing of the Books Method 에 따라, 떠나는 파트너에게는 수입의 2%(10% 곱하기 20%)를, 매각으로 얻는 자본 이익에 대해서는 0%가 할당된다. 이 방법은 상대적으로 경제적 현실을 더 잘 반영하지만, 중간 장부의 마감 방법을 수행하는데 드는 비용을 고려해야 할 것이다.

 3. Alternative “Reasonable Method” (기타 합리적인 방법)

연방 세금 규정은 또한 떠나는 파트너에게 세금 항목을 할당하기 위한 대안책으로 “합리적인 방법"을 사용할 수 있도록 한다. 예를 들어, 단순히 proration method (비례 할당) 방법만을 사용하는 대신에 거래가 발생할 때 실제로 참여한 파트너에게만 특정 일시적 사건(예: 주요 소송 해결로 인한 소득 및 주요 자산 매각으로 인한 손익)으로 발생한 세금 항목을 할당할 수 있다.

예를 들어, 기업의 수입이 1년 내내 비교적 고르게 벌어들이고, 연말에 큰 자본 이익이 있다고 가정했을때, 이 “합리적인 방법”은 일시적 사건으로 발생한 수입을 할당할 때 파트너가 떠난 시점을 고려하여 할당할 수 있다. 이 '합리적인 방법'에 따라 떠나는 파트너에게는 총수입의 5%(10% 곱하기 1/2), 연말 매각으로 얻는 자본 이익의 0%가 할당된다.

이에 추가적으로, S corp의 경우 일반적으로 per-share, per-day basis 기준으로 수익이 배분된다. 다만, S corp 또한 ‘Closing method’ 방식을 선택 할수있는데, 예를 들어  주주가 1년 동안 자신의 전체 지분 또는 소유지분의 20%를 이상 처분하는 경우, 주주는 그 처분일을 기준으로 장부의 마감 방식을 선택할 수 있다.

손익 할당 방식 선정시, 떠나는 파트너와 남아있는 파트너에게 가져올 세무적 영향을 유념해야 한다. 회사의 상황에 가장 적합한 옵션을 찾기위해 세무 전문가와 상의하는것을 추천한다.